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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z | |
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First Edition Preface Second Edition Preface Acknowledgments
Section A A index 571-579 of 917 terms
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antarctic divergence—The region near 60°S, south of the Antarctic Polar Front, where high-salinity North Atlantic Deep Water upwells from 2500 m to just below the surface and mixes with low- salinity Antarctic Surface Water.
antarctic front—The semipermanent, semicontinuous front between the antarctic air of Antarctica and the polar air of the southern oceans; generally comparable to the arctic front of the Northern Hemisphere. Compare polar front.
antarctic high—Same as antarctic anticyclone.
Antarctic Ice Sheet—The continuous ice mass covering most of Antarctica.
Antarctic Intermediate Water—A water mass identified by a salinity minimum found at depths between 700 and 1000 m in the Southern Hemisphere. It is formed at various locations along the Antarctic Polar Front and through deep winter convection east of southern Chile and south of the Great Australian Bight. It enters all oceans with the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and spreads toward the equator between the central water and the deep water.
antarctic ozone hole—A phenomenon discovered in the mid-1980s that occurs in the winter–spring lower stratosphere over Antarctica. Through a sequence involving heterogeneous chemistry on polar stratospheric clouds and (intermittent) illumination by sunlight, much or all of the ozone in the lower stratosphere can be photochemically destroyed. Halogen species (chlorine and bromine) contained in fairly robust molecules are transformed via heterogeneous reactions into molecules that are easily photolyzed resulting in atomic or monoxide halogens that lead to chemical destruction of ozone. This phenomenon also occurs over the Arctic, although to a lesser extent because of a lower incidence of polar stratospheric clouds.
Farman, J. C., Gardiner, and J. D. Shanklin, 1985: Large losses of total ozone in Antarctica reveal seasonal ClOx/NOx interaction. Nature, 315, 208–210.
Solomon, S., R. Garcia, F. S. Rowland, and D. J. Wuebbles, 1986: On the depletion of antarctic ozone. Nature, 321, 919–935.
Crutzen, P. J., and F. Arnold, 1986: Nitric acid cloud formation in the cold antarctic stratosphere: A major cause for the springtime “ozone hole”. Nature, 324, 651–655.
Molina, L. T., and M. J. Molina, 1987: Production of Cl2O2 from the self reaction of the ClO radical. J. Phys. Chem., 91, 433–436.
Antarctic Polar Front—The southern front of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, also known as the antarctic convergence, that separates the Antarctic Zone in the south from the polar frontal zone in the north. It is characterized by sea surface temperatures near 5°–6°C and a salinity minimum of 33.8– 34.0 psu produced by high rainfall.
antarctic polar vortex—See antarctic stratospheric vortex.
antarctic sea smoke—See sea smoke, steam fog.
antarctic stratospheric vortex—The vortex in the lower stratosphere over the Antarctic in austral winter.
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