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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z | |
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First Edition Preface Second Edition Preface Acknowledgments
Section C C index 361-369 of 1157 terms
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Clapeyron–Clausius equation—Same as Clausius–Clapeyron equation.
Clapeyron diagram—See thermodynamic diagram.
clapotis—A French term for a standing wave phenomenon associated with the reflection of an ocean wave train from a vertical surface, such as a breakwater or pier. A standing wave is a periodic vertical motion of the sea surface that does not propagate horizontally. It can be thought of as being created by the superposition of two identical waves propagating in opposite directions.
class-A evaporation pan—See evaporation pan, pan evaporation.
class-A pan—See evaporation pan.
class interval—A range of values of a variable; an interval used in dividing the scale of the variable for the purpose of tabulating the frequency distribution of a sample.
classical condensation theory—The theory that describes how vapor phase of a substance condenses into liquid and solid phases based on classical bulk thermodynamic principles. This leads to the conclusion that water vapor will start condensing into liquid water or ice when the environment marginally surpasses saturation (100% relative humidity with respect to plain water or ice surface, respectively). In reality, it is almost always necessary to have foreign particles serving as condensation nuclei or ice nuclei for the condensation to occur even when the environment is somewhat supersaturated.
clathrate hydrate—A cagelike arrangement of water molecules stabilized by a central guest molecule. Such hydrates exist at higher pressures (> 10 atmospheres) at > 100 m depth in glaciers where air bubbles trapped in the process of firn formation near the surface appear to dissolve in the ice.
Clausius–Clapeyron equation—(Also called Clapeyron equation, Clapeyron–Clausius equation.) The differential equation relating pressure of a substance to temperature in a system in which two phases of the substance are in equilibrium. Two general expressions are where p is the pressure, T the temperature, δs the difference in specific entropy between the phases, δv the difference in specific volume between the two phases, and L the latent heat of the phase change. The form most familiar in meteorology, related to the phase change between water vapor and liquid water, is obtained after some approximations as where es is the saturation vapor pressure of water, Lv the latent heat of vaporization, and Rv the gas constant for water vapor. A similar relation for the saturation vapor pressure in contact with an ice surface is obtained by replacing the latent heat of vaporization by that of sublimation. These equations may be integrated to obtain explicit relationships between es and T, given known values at some point. The most empirically accurate relationships differ slightly from results so obtained. An expression believed accurate to 0.3% for −35°C < T < 35°C is given by Bolton as where T is temperature in °C and vapor pressure is in kPa.
Iribarne, J. V., and W. L. Godson, 1981: Atmospheric Thermodynamics, D. Reidel, p. 65.
Bolton, D., 1980: The computation of equivalent potential temperature. Mon. Wea. Rev., 108, 1046–1053.
clay atmometer—An atmometer consisting of a porous porcelain container connected to a calibrated reservoir filled with distilled water. Evaporation is determined by the depletion of water in the reservoir.
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